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Showing posts with label Mechanical Books. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mechanical Books. Show all posts

Friday, 24 October 2014

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 4

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-

1. Spark Plug: -

 A spark plug is a device used in an internal combustion engine that is, an engine that derives its power via exploding gases inside a combustion chamber to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
 Cars typically have four-stroke gasoline engines, which means there are four strokes, or movements, to the moving parts inside the engine per rotation. Inside each cylinder is a piston, which moves up and down within the cylinder to compress the gas for combustion, and pushes the exhaust gases out after combustion. The piston is operated by an arm that attaches to the crankshaft, a shaft that extends through the bottom of the engine. The piston goes up and down twice during each rotation, hence the four strokes -- up, down, up, down. 
The spark plug is positioned at the top of the cylinder, where the air-fuel ratio is compressed. The tip of the plug sits inside the engine, recessed into the side of the cylinder wall. The other end remains outside the engine and is attached to a wire that is also attached to the distributor.

2. Independent Suspension System :- 

When a vehicle is said to have Independent suspension system it means that the suspension system is set up in such a way as to allow the allow the wheels on the left and right side of the vehicle to move vertically independently of each other while driving on uneven surfaces.
This is achieved by not directly connecting the wheels together on the rigid axle.
In this suspension system the unsprung weight of the vehicle is decreased , softer springs are permissible and front - wheel vibration problems are minimized.

3. Supercharger:- 

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an
internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power.
Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. When power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbo supercharger typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo

4. Unsprung Weight:- 

Unsprung weight is an important concept.This is the weight of a vehicles components that is not supported by the suspension system of the vehicle.  The Unsprung weight includes wheels , brakes , tyres , the rear axle assembly and other structural members that are not supported by the springs. 

OR
We can say that all the parts outboard from the suspension springs.
In Formula-1 car , we should say semi-sprung rather than unsprung because each tyre acts as a spring in its own in F-1 car

5. Turboprop Engine:-

A turboprop engine is a type of turbine engine which drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear. 
The gas turbine is designed specifically for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the propeller attached at the front of the engine.
The engine's exhaust gases do not contain enough energy as compared to a jet engine, to create significant thrust in the propulsion of the aircraft.
The propeller is coupled to the turbine through a reduction gear that converts the high RPM, low torque output to low RPM, high torque. 
Because of improvements in turbojet design, the turboprop, which is less efficient at high speeds, lost much of its importance in the 1960s, though it is still used for relatively short-range aircraft.

6. Ramjet Engine :-

A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a flying stovepipe, or an athodyd which is an abbreviation of Aero thermodynamic duct, is a form of airbreathing jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor.

Key Points:-
>Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill.

>Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple mechanism for high- speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells.




Monday, 22 September 2014

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-


1.)GEAR – A wheel with teeth that engage or mesh with teeth of another wheel.

2.)GEAR BOX– A unit which has a series of gears and shafts to vary the speed of the gearbox output shaft compared to the engine speed. This in turn increases the torque and thereby improves acceleration of the vehicle.

3.)GEAR RATIO – The ratio of the number of teeth on two gears to mesh with each other.

4.)HANDLING– The ease of maneuvering a vehicle without slipping or skidding.

5.)HYDRAULIC BRAKE – A brake system using hydraulic fluid, piston and cylinders to provide extremely high pressure for brake application.

6.)HYDRAULIC CLUTCH – A clutch that uses hydraulic pressure to actuate the clutch. Used in heavy duty equipment and where the engine is away from the drivers compartment so that it would be difficult to use mechanical linkages.

7.)HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVES – A system of valves that senses driving conditions and automatically shifts the transmission.

8.)HYPOID GEARS – Drive pinion and ring gears whose shape allows them to mesh off centre.

9.)INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION – A type of suspension system in which each wheel is independently supported by a spring. A suspension that allows up and down movement of one wheel without affecting the opposite wheel.

10.)INNER TUBE (tyre) – The inside rubber tube assembled in the tyre casing, it maintains the air at sufficient pressure to inflate the casing and adequately support the vehicle weight.

11.)FLUID FLY WHEEL– A liquid coupling used to transmit the engine effort (torque) to a clutch and transmission. This coupling is always a major part of the engine flywheel.

12.)FORWARD CONTROL TRUCK– has the engine either in or below the driver’s cabin.

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 1

13.)FORWARD EFFICIENCY – is the ratio of the amount of driver input torque which is available at the wheels to turn the same to the total amount of input torque from the driver at the steering wheel.

14.)FOUR WHEEL DRIVE– Some cross country vehicles (Jeeps) have this arrangement. In this case, the engine power is transmitted to all the four wheels of the vehicle. The main advantage of this arrangement is the entire vehicle weight is available for traction.

15.)FRAME – The assembly of metal structural parts and channel sections that forms the base and supports the engine and body and is supported by the vehicle wheels.

16.)EMERGENCY BRAKE– is the hand brake, operated by a lever, is used when the vehicle is left parked and prevents the vehicle from moving. The hand brake can be applied to stop the vehicle when the service brake fails.

17.)EPICYCLIC GEAR– In the epicyclic gearing, at least one gear not only rotates about its own axis, but also rotates about some other axis.

18.)FADE (brake) – A condition that occurs when there is little braking effect with full brake pedal force.

19.)FINAL DRIVE – The final gear reduction between the engine and the drive wheels.

20.)FIXED CALIPER DISC BRAKES – Disc brakes using a caliper which is fixed in position and cannot move.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-



1.)DRAGSTER – Car especially built for drag racing.

2.)DRAG WHEEL – Special steering wheel used on some dragsters. Often consists of cross bar spoke and portion of rim on each end.

3.)DRIVE LINE or DRIVE TRAIN – Propeller shaft, universal joints etc. connecting transmission output shaft to axle pinion gear shaft.


4.)DROP CENTRE RIM – Centre section of rim being lower than two outer edges. This allows bead of tyre to be pushed into lower area on one side while the other side is pulled over and off the flange.

5.)DROPPED AXLE – Front axle altered so as to lower the frame of the vehicle. Consists of bending axle downward at outer ends (solid front axle).

6.)DOUBLE LEADING BRAKE – A drumbrake assembly with both front shoes self energized during forward wheel rotation.


7.)DOUBLE REDUCTION AXLE– In the double reduction or tripple reduction type final drive, the required speed reduction is obtained in two or more steps. This enables higher torque to be available at the road wheels. In heavy duty and off highway vehicles, multiple reduction is used. 

8.)DOUBLE TRAILING BRAKE – A drum brake assembly with both shoes self energized during rearward wheel rotation only.

9.)DRAG – To accelerate a vehicle from standing start, over course one fourth mile in length. Also used by some drivers when referring to challenging another driver to an acceleration race.

10.)DRAG LINK – A steel rod connecting pitman arm to one of steering knuckles. On some installations, drag link connects pitman arm to a centre idler arm.

11.)DIFFERENTIAL LOCK– The differential lock grips one or both of the side gears to the differential case. This prevents their rotation on the pins. This enables a larger torque to be transmitted to the gripping wheel than that to the slipping wheel.


12.)DIRECT ACTING SHOCK ABSORBER – Type of shock absorber which shortens or lengthens in action. Also called telescopic shock absorber.

13.)DIRECT DRIVE – Such as high gear when crankshaft and drive shaft revolve at same speed.

14.)DOUBLE LEADING SHOE – A drum brake having two leading shoes and no trailing shoes. Each shoe has its own actuating mechanism and pivot.


15.)DOUBLE PISTON CALIPER – A hydraulic brake caliper with two pistons and provision for applying hydraulic pressure equally to both pistons. The caliper body is fixed solidly.

16.)DASH BOARD – Part of body containing driving and control instruments, switches etc.

17.)DEAD AXLE – Axle that does not rotate or deliver power but merely forms a base upon which wheels may be mounted.

18.)DEDION – Rear axle set up in which driving wheels are attached to the frame by a central pivot. Differential unit is bolted to frame and is connected to the driving wheels by drive axles.


19.)DEPENDENT SUSPENSION – Wheel connected through an axle member so that movement of one wheel moves the other wheel.

20.)DIFFERENTIAL – A mechanism between axles that permit one wheel to turn at a different speed than the other while transmitting power from the drive shaft to the wheel axles, when the vehicle is negotiating a turn.

Tuesday, 16 September 2014

Technical Words and their Full Form in Automobile


TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR FULL FORM IN AUTOMOBILE

  1. CRDi - (Common Rail Direct Injection)
  2. TDi - (Turbocharged Direct Ignition)
  3. DTS-i - (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)
  4. VTVT - (Variable Timing Valve Train) 
  5. MPFI - (Multi point fuel injection) 
  6. ABS - (Anti Lock Braking) 
  7. SOHC - ( Single OverHead Camshaft) 
  8. DOHC - (Double Overhead Camshaft) 
  9. SUV - (Sport Utility Vehicle) 
  10. MUV - (Multi Utility Vehicle) 
  11. SAE - (Society of Automotive Engineers) 
  12. HCV - (Heavy Commercial Vehicle) 
  13. LCV - (Light Commercial Vehicle) 
  14. CVTi - (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition) 
  15. CCVTI - (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)
  16. EBD - (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)
  17. BHP - ( Brake Horse Power)
  18. BMEP - (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)
  19. BSFC - (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
  20. CC - (Cubic Capacity)
  21. CDI - (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
  22. C.I ENGINE - (Compression Ignition Engine)
  23. CNG - (Compressed Natural Gas)
  24. DFI - (Digital Fuel Injection) 
  25. DI ENGINE - (Direct Injection Engine)
  26. EC ENGINE - (External Combustion Engine)
  27. FHP - (Frictional Horse Power)
  28. GVW - (Gross Vehicle Weight)
  29. HVAC - (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)
  30. IC ENGINE - (Internal Combustion Engine)
  31. IHP - (Indicated Horse Power)
  32. IMEP - (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)
  33. ISFC - (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)
  34. Kph - (Kilometer Per Hour)
  35. Kpl - (Kilometer Per Liter)
  36. OHV - (Over Head Valve)
  37. SFC - (Specific Fuel Consumption)
  38. SI ENGINE - (Spark Ignition Engine)
  39. VDB - (Ventilated Disc Brake)
  40. VVTi - (Variable Valve Timing)
  41. 4WD - (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))
  42. 2WD - (Two Wheel Drive)
  43. TC - (Traction Control)
  44. ESC -(Electronic Stability Control)
  45. FPEG -(Free Piston Engine Generator)

Sunday, 14 September 2014

TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY FREE PISTON COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE


TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY WITHOUT CRANKSHAFT (FREE PISTON) COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE




There is probably no better chronicler into the full depth of American ingenuity than YouTube. Here one finds not just computer models for all manner of esoteric combustion engine designs, but actual working prototypes of them, often built by individuals. Big companies can also innovate here sometimes. A new free piston engine linear generator (FPEG) from Toyota Central in Maine is a case in point. 

The piston is called “free” because there is no crankshaft. On its power stroke, the piston dumps its kinetic energy into the fixed windings which surround it, generating a shot of three-phase AC electricity. It can be run sparkless through a diesel cycle or run on standard gasoline. What has folks excited is the claimed thermal efficiency for the device — at 42% it blows away the engines used in cars today. Toyota’s demo engine, just 8 inches around and 2 feet long, was able to generate 15 hp. A two-cylinder model would be self-balancing and have much reduced vibration.
  
Not surprisingly, the valves are electrically operated and can therefore be better used to fine-tune the power delivery through the full range of the stroke. Speaking of strokes, the video indicates a two-stroke design, which might present a few problems for a road-worthy design. For one thing, emissions would be suspect. Nonetheless Toyota imagines that a twin unit design pumping out 20 kW could power a light electric vehicle at a cruise speed of 120 kph (75 mph).

Toyota's FPEG, in colorLinear generators and linear combustion engines are nothing new. Shake-to-charge “Faraday” flashlights, smartphones, and even energy-harvesting backpacks are all standard fare, while single-acting direct power pistons have also seen action in applications as intriguing as power-assist boots for the Russian military. The trick is to get the two working efficiently in unison and that is the beauty of what Toyota appears has done. Considering that the piston is decelerated and re-accelerated at each end of the stroke, any mismatch between combustive power input and electromagnetic power extraction needs to be absorbed somewhere. Mechanical or air springs can help although there is still likely to be some efficiency loss.

At the risk of adding some confusion, the device is technically an alternator as it generates AC. As (most) electric cars use 3-phase AC induction or “AC-like” 3-phase brushless DC motors, they could potentially run directly from the output of this device, perhaps save for some intermediary voltage and current conditioning. However, like standard car alternators, there will likely be DC conversion to charge the battery pack — unless Toyota has also secretly perfected the AC battery. There is still plenty of room to innovate here. Linear alternators are similar in design to linear motors, but one does not simply reverse the cycle to swap one into the other — there are certain control functions that need to be imposed on how the coils are energized in a motor. However that does not mean a multipurpose linear electric power device could not be constructed.

Friday, 29 August 2014

Monday, 25 August 2014

Sunday, 13 July 2014

ABS - Anti-lock Braking System


It is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding.
It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skilful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage.
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.
There are four main components to an ABS system:
1 Speed sensors
2 Valves
3 Pump
4 Controller
Speed Sensors:
The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide this information.
Valves:
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:
In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.
Pump:
Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up.
Controller:
The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the valves.

Sunday, 23 March 2014

Power Plant Layouts

Geothermal power plants:-

Geothermal power plants use hydrothermal resources which have two common ingredients: water (hydro) and heat (thermal).
Geothermal plants require high temperature (300 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit) hydrothermal resources that may come from either dry steam wells or hot water wells.
We can use these resources by drilling wells into the earth and piping the steam or hot water to the surface. Geothermal wells are one to two miles deep.

Flash/Binary Combined Cycle:-

This type of plant, which uses a combination of flash and binary technology, has been used effectively to take advantage of the benefits of both technologies.
In this type of plant, the portion of the geothermal water which “flashes” to steam under reduced pressure is first converted to electricity with a backpressure steam turbine and the low-pressure steam exiting the backpressure turbine is condensed in a binary system.


Solar Power Plant:


Thermal Power Plant:


MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A METAL



mechanical properties of a metals are Brittleness, Creep, Ductility, Elasticity, Fatigue, Hardness, Malleability, Plasticity, Resilience, Stiffness, Toughness, Yield strength.

Often materials are subject to external force when they are used. Mechanical Engineers calculate those forces and material scientists how materials deform or break as a function of force, time, temperature, and other conditions. Materials scientists learn about these mechanical properties by testing materials.
Some of the important mechanical properties of a metals are Brittleness, Creep, Ductility, Elasticity, Fatigue, Hardness, Malleability, Plasticity, Resilience, Stiffness, Toughness, Yield strength.

Above mechanical properties of metals are explained below in brief.

Brittleness : Tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon the application of a relatively small amount of force, impact or shock.

Creep : When a metal is subjected to a constant force at high temperature below its yield point, for a prolonged period of time, it undergoes a permanent deformation.

Ductility : Ductility is the property by which a metal can be drawn into thin wires. It is determined by percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area of a metal.

Elasticity : Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed.

Fatigue : Fatigue is the of material weakening or breakdown of material subjected to stress, especially a repeated series of stresses.

Hardness : Hardness is the ability of a material to resist permanent change of shape caused by an external force.

Malleability : Malleability is the property by which a metal can be rolled into thin sheets.

Plasticity : Plasticity is the property by which a metal retains its deformation permanently, when the external force applied on it is released.

Resilience : Resilience is the ability of a metal to absorb energy and resist soft and impact load.

Stiffness : When an external force is applied on a metal, it develops an internal resistance. The internal resistance developed per unit area is called stress. Stiffness is the ability of a metal to resist deformation under stress.

Toughness : When a huge external force is applied on a metal, the metal will experience fracture. Toughness is the ability of a metal to resist fracture.

Yield strength : The ability of a metal to bear gradual progressive force without permanent deformation.

Sunday, 26 January 2014

Mechanical Vibration 2nd edition By Balakumar Balachandran

Mechanical Vibration



Book Discription:- 
Featuring outstanding coverage of linear and non-linear single degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems, this book teaches the use of vibration principles in a broad spectrum of applications. In this introduction for undergraduate students, authors Balakumar Balachandran and Edward B. Magrab present vibration principles in a general context and illustrate the use of these principles through carefully chosen examples from different disciplines. Their balanced approach integrates principles of linear and nonlinear vibrations with modeling, analysis, prediction, and measurement so that physical understanding of the vibratory phenomena and their relevance for engineering design can be emphasized. The authors also provide design guidelines that are applicable to a wide range of vibratory systems. MATLAB is thoroughly integrated throughout the text.


Mechanical Vibration 5th edition By S.S.Rao

Mechanical Vibration 5th edition


Book Discription:-
Mechanical Vibrations, 5/e is ideal for undergraduate courses in Vibration Engineering. Retaining the style of its previous editions, this text presents the theory, computational aspects, and applications of vibrations in as simple a manner as possible. With an emphasis on computer techniques of analysis, it gives expanded explanations of the fundamentals, focusing on physical significance and interpretation that build upon students' previous experience. Each self-contained topic fully explains all concepts and presents the derivations with complete details. Numerous examples and problems illustrate principles and concepts.

Advanced Machining Processes by Hassan Abdel-gawad el-hofy

Advanced Machining Processes 


Today's stringent design requirements and difficult-to-machine materials such as tough super alloys, ceramics, and composites, have made traditional machining processes costly and obsolete. As a result, manufacturers and machine design engineers are turning to advance machining processes. These machining processes utilizes electrical, chemical, and optimal sources of energy to bind, form and cut materials. El-Hofy rigorously explains how each of these advanced machining process work, their machining system components, process variables and industrial applications, making this book the perfect guide for anyone designing, researching or converting to a more advance machining process.





Sunday, 10 November 2013

Pipe Drafting and Design by Roy A. Parisher • Robert A. Rhea

Pipe Drafting and Design by Roy A. Parisher • Robert A. Rhea

Description


Pipe designers and drafters provide thousands of piping drawings used in the layout of industrial and other facilities. The layouts must comply with safety codes, government standards, client specifications, budget, and start-up date. Pipe Drafting and Design, Second

Engineering Design Process By Haik and Shahin


Engineering Design Process By Haik and Shahin


Description

This book is dedicated to the essential components of the design process and uses case studies, labs, and group projects to show their application. With explicit guidance, students learn that the design process is a set of procedures that will help them solve engineering problems. Yousef Haik and Tamer Shahin illustrate the critical steps of the design process,

Friday, 1 November 2013

MACHINE DRAWING


Machine Drawing

About the Book:

Written by three distinguished authors with ample academic and teaching experience, this textbook, meant for diploma and degree students of Mechanical Engineering as well as those preparing for AMIE examination, incorporates the latest standards. The new edition includes the features of assembly drawings, part drawings and computer-aided drawings to cater to the

Monday, 28 October 2013

A first corse in finite element analysis

A first corse in finite element analysis

Description


The text material evolved from over 50 years of combined teaching experience it deals with a formulation and application of the finite element method. A meaningful course can be constructed from a subset of the chapters in this book for a quarter course; instructions for such use are given in the preface. The course material is organized in three chronological units of one month each:  1) the finite element formulation for one-dimensional problems, 2) the finite element formulation for scalar field problems in two dimensions and 3)

Friday, 25 October 2013

Automotive Engines

 Automotive Engines

In this book basic theory of automotive engines, construction, parts, working of two stroke and four stroke engines. SI engine fuel system, ignition system, lubrication and cooling system, carburator, coumbition theory and combution chamber are well explained.