List of FIRST Countries in World

First Country in World to abolish Slavery:Spain

First Country in World to abolish Death Penalty(or Capital Punishment):Venezuela

First Country in World to legalize Same-Sex marriage: Netherlands

First Country in World to issue Paper Currency:china(by Song Dynasty)

First Country in World to issue Postal Stamp:Britain (the stamp name is "Penny Black")

First Country in World to develop Hydro-electricity:Norway

First Country in World to let Right to Vote for Women: Newzealand

First Country in World to introduce VAT(Value Added tax): France in 1954

First Country in World to impose Carbon Tax:Finland in 1990

First Country in World to be Democratic:Athens of Greece

First Country in World to experience Industrial Revolution:Britain

First Country in World to have an official National Flag:Denmark(soit has oldest Flag)

First Country in World to launch 3G Technology:Japan

First Country in World to initiate Family Planning Policy: India

First Country in World to initiate Railways: Britain

First Country in World to launch artificial Satellite into Earth's orbit: USSR or Soviet Russia in 1957(Satellite's name is Sputnik-1)

sports:

First Country in World to host Olympics:Athensof Greece in 1896 (the first olympics is summer olympics)

First Country in World to host Winter Olympics:Francein 1924

First Country in World to host Summer Paralympics :Italy in 1960

First Country in World to host Winter Paralympics: Sweden in 1976 (where Paralympics means Olympics for Physically Handicapped)

First Country in World to host Summer Youth Olympics: Singapore in 2010

First Country in World to host Winter Youth Olympics: Innsbruck of Austria in 2012

First Country in World to won ICC Cricket World Cup: West Indies in 1975 (2nd is also west-indies in 1979 and 3rd is India in 1983)

First Country in World to won ICC Cricket World Cup(Twenty 20):India

First Country in World to won FIFA world Cup: Uraguay in 1930

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Interesting Facts about Human Body

1.) Eyes: You Blink about 20000 times a day.

2.) Hair: Hair grows about .5 mm (.02 in) a day.

3.) Mouth: You will produce 37,800 l of saliva in your life.

4.) Cells: There are 50 trillion cells in your body and 3 billion of themdie every minute.

5.) Nerves: Your body has about 13000000000000 nerve calls, transmitting message at speed of 290 km/hr.

6.) Brain power: You lose 100000 brain cells every day! The main thing is that you have 100 billion altogether. If surface area of your brain could be ironed out it wouldmeasure 2090 sq.cm.

7.) Heartbeats: Your heart pumps 13640 L of blood around your body in a day. An average heartbeat rate per minutes of our body is 70 beats and this will adds more than 100000 beats a day.

8.) Urine : You will pass 400 to 2000 ml of urine every day, depending on your age, your size and outside conditions, especially temperature.

9.) Chemicals: There is enough carbon in your body to fill 900 pencils, enough Fat to make 75 candles, enough phosphorous to make 220 match heads and enough iron to make a 7.5 cm nail.

10.) Can you overdose on vitamins? Overdosing on some vitamins can have serious side effects.

• Vitamin A: Doses of more than 3752 mg can lead to liver damage,hair losses and headaches.
• Vitamin B6: Doses of more than 400mg can cause numbness in the mouth.
• Vitamin C: Stomach ache can be caused due to high doses of Vitamin C.
• Vitamin D: Daily doses of 600 mg can interfere with the functioningof muscles.
• Niacin: Doses of upto 2000 mg are prescribe to help lower cholesterol but this could cause jaundice and liver damage.

11.) Tea Or Coffee? The two main constituents of tea are“caffeine and tannin”. A tea bag contains about 40 mg of caffeine and brewed tea about 30mg. Tea also contains useful fluorides, volatile oils and Vitamin B.

“Caffeine” is the main constituent of coffee. A cup of brewed coffee contains about 80 mg of caffeine and instant coffee about 60 mg. Medical studies show that heavy caffeine use (more than 500 mg/day) may cause harmful physiological effects. A cup of tea or coffee (without sugar and milk)contains about 16KJ of energy.

12.) Fingers: Our fingers are so sensitive that they can detect a vibration with a movement of 0.02 cm. Our “finger nails” grow at the rate of about 0.05 mm in a week and hair about 3 mm in a week

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Few Important GK Questions and Answers

* The largest railway bridge in India is Sone Bridge,Bihar

* In his last years,Ambedkar converted to Buddhism

* The largest dome in India is the Gol Gumbaz,Bijapur

* The film actor who became the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh was N.T.Rama Rao

* Satyajit Ray was awarded the Bharat Ratna in the year 1992

* Central Research Institute is located at Kasauli

* The movie Raja Harishchandra was released in the year 1913

* The first Indian Prime Minister to resign from office was Morarji Desai

* The pin code was introduced in India in the year 1972

* Air Force Day is celebrated on October 8

* Navy day is celebrated on 4th December

* Indian Military Academy is located at Dehradun

* The postal department was set up in India in the year 1854

* NABARD was established in the year 1982

* Koradi Thermal power Station is located at Maharashtra

* Rail Coach Factory is located at Kapurthala

* PTI stands for Press Trust of India

* The constitution of India was adopted on 26-11-1949

* The constitution of India became effective on 26-1-1950

* Panipat is popularly known as Weaver City

* Mrinalini'was written by Bankim chandra Chatterjee

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Power Plant Layouts

Geothermal power plants:-

Geothermal power plants use hydrothermal resources which have two common ingredients: water (hydro) and heat (thermal).

Geothermal plants require high temperature (300 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit) hydrothermal resources that may come from either dry steam wells or hot water wells.

We can use these resources by drilling wells into the earth and piping the steam or hot water to the surface. Geothermal wells are one to two miles deep.

Flash/Binary Combined Cycle:-

This type of plant, which uses a combination of flash and binary technology, has been used effectively to take advantage of the benefits of both technologies.

In this type of plant, the portion of the geothermal water which “flashes” to steam under reduced pressure is first converted to electricity with a backpressure steam turbine and the low-pressure steam exiting the backpressure turbine is condensed in a binary system.

Solar Power Plant:

Thermal Power Plant:

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A METAL

mechanical properties of a metals are Brittleness, Creep, Ductility, Elasticity, Fatigue, Hardness, Malleability, Plasticity, Resilience, Stiffness, Toughness, Yield strength.

Often materials are subject to external force when they are used. Mechanical Engineers calculate those forces and material scientists how materials deform or break as a function of force, time, temperature, and other conditions. Materials scientists learn about these mechanical properties by testing materials.

Some of the important mechanical properties of a metals are Brittleness, Creep, Ductility, Elasticity, Fatigue, Hardness, Malleability, Plasticity, Resilience, Stiffness, Toughness, Yield strength.

Above mechanical properties of metals are explained below in brief.

Brittleness : Tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon the application of a relatively small amount of force, impact or shock.

Creep : When a metal is subjected to a constant force at high temperature below its yield point, for a prolonged period of time, it undergoes a permanent deformation.

Ductility : Ductility is the property by which a metal can be drawn into thin wires. It is determined by percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area of a metal.

Elasticity : Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed.

Fatigue : Fatigue is the of material weakening or breakdown of material subjected to stress, especially a repeated series of stresses.

Hardness : Hardness is the ability of a material to resist permanent change of shape caused by an external force.

Malleability : Malleability is the property by which a metal can be rolled into thin sheets.

Plasticity : Plasticity is the property by which a metal retains its deformation permanently, when the external force applied on it is released.

Resilience : Resilience is the ability of a metal to absorb energy and resist soft and impact load.

Stiffness : When an external force is applied on a metal, it develops an internal resistance. The internal resistance developed per unit area is called stress. Stiffness is the ability of a metal to resist deformation under stress.

Toughness : When a huge external force is applied on a metal, the metal will experience fracture. Toughness is the ability of a metal to resist fracture.

Yield strength : The ability of a metal to bear gradual progressive force without permanent deformation.

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