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Showing posts with label automobile. Show all posts
Showing posts with label automobile. Show all posts

Tuesday, 14 August 2018

TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR FULL FORM IN AUTOMOBILE


TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR FULL FORM IN AUTOMOBILE



  1. CRDi - (Common Rail Direct Injection)
  1. TDi - (Turbocharged Direct Ignition)
  1. DTS-i - (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)
  1. VTVT - (Variable Timing Valve Train) 
  1. MPFI - (Multi point fuel injection) 
  1. ABS - (Anti Lock Braking) 
  1. SOHC - ( Single OverHead Camshaft) 
  1. DOHC - (Double Overhead Camshaft) 
  1. SUV - (Sport Utility Vehicle) 
  1. MUV - (Multi Utility Vehicle) 
  1. SAE - (Society of Automotive Engineers) 
  1. HCV - (Heavy Commercial Vehicle) 
  1. LCV - (Light Commercial Vehicle) 
  1. CVTi - (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition) 
  1. CCVTI - (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)
  1. EBD - (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)
  1. BHP - ( Brake Horse Power)
  1. BMEP - (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)
  1. BSFC - (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
  1. CC - (Cubic Capacity)
  1. CDI - (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
  1. C.I ENGINE - (Compression Ignition Engine)
  1. CNG - (Compressed Natural Gas)
  1. DFI - (Digital Fuel Injection) 
  1. DI ENGINE - (Direct Injection Engine)
  1. EC ENGINE - (External Combustion Engine)
  1. FHP - (Frictional Horse Power)
  1. GVW - (Gross Vehicle Weight)
  1. HVAC - (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)
  1. IC ENGINE - (Internal Combustion Engine)
  1. IHP - (Indicated Horse Power)
  1. IMEP - (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)
  1. ISFC - (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)
  1. Kph - (Kilometer Per Hour)
  1. Kpl - (Kilometer Per Liter)
  1. OHV - (Over Head Valve)
  1. SFC - (Specific Fuel Consumption)
  1. SI ENGINE - (Spark Ignition Engine)
  1. VDB - (Ventilated Disc Brake)
  1. VVTi - (Variable Valve Timing)
  1. 4WD - (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))
  1. 2WD - (Two Wheel Drive)
  1. TC - (Traction Control)
  1. ESC -(Electronic Stability Control)
  1. FPEG -(Free Piston Engine Generator)

Friday, 24 October 2014

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 4

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-

1. Spark Plug: -

 A spark plug is a device used in an internal combustion engine that is, an engine that derives its power via exploding gases inside a combustion chamber to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
 Cars typically have four-stroke gasoline engines, which means there are four strokes, or movements, to the moving parts inside the engine per rotation. Inside each cylinder is a piston, which moves up and down within the cylinder to compress the gas for combustion, and pushes the exhaust gases out after combustion. The piston is operated by an arm that attaches to the crankshaft, a shaft that extends through the bottom of the engine. The piston goes up and down twice during each rotation, hence the four strokes -- up, down, up, down. 
The spark plug is positioned at the top of the cylinder, where the air-fuel ratio is compressed. The tip of the plug sits inside the engine, recessed into the side of the cylinder wall. The other end remains outside the engine and is attached to a wire that is also attached to the distributor.

2. Independent Suspension System :- 

When a vehicle is said to have Independent suspension system it means that the suspension system is set up in such a way as to allow the allow the wheels on the left and right side of the vehicle to move vertically independently of each other while driving on uneven surfaces.
This is achieved by not directly connecting the wheels together on the rigid axle.
In this suspension system the unsprung weight of the vehicle is decreased , softer springs are permissible and front - wheel vibration problems are minimized.

3. Supercharger:- 

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an
internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power.
Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. When power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbo supercharger typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo

4. Unsprung Weight:- 

Unsprung weight is an important concept.This is the weight of a vehicles components that is not supported by the suspension system of the vehicle.  The Unsprung weight includes wheels , brakes , tyres , the rear axle assembly and other structural members that are not supported by the springs. 

OR
We can say that all the parts outboard from the suspension springs.
In Formula-1 car , we should say semi-sprung rather than unsprung because each tyre acts as a spring in its own in F-1 car

5. Turboprop Engine:-

A turboprop engine is a type of turbine engine which drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear. 
The gas turbine is designed specifically for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the propeller attached at the front of the engine.
The engine's exhaust gases do not contain enough energy as compared to a jet engine, to create significant thrust in the propulsion of the aircraft.
The propeller is coupled to the turbine through a reduction gear that converts the high RPM, low torque output to low RPM, high torque. 
Because of improvements in turbojet design, the turboprop, which is less efficient at high speeds, lost much of its importance in the 1960s, though it is still used for relatively short-range aircraft.

6. Ramjet Engine :-

A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a flying stovepipe, or an athodyd which is an abbreviation of Aero thermodynamic duct, is a form of airbreathing jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor.

Key Points:-
>Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill.

>Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple mechanism for high- speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells.




Thursday, 23 October 2014

TECHNOLOGIES USE IN AUTOMOBILE

TECHNOLOGIES USE IN AUTOMOBILE

HONDA ECO TECHNOLOGY:-


In keeping with its strategic approach of Mileage Up for maximizing customer satisfaction, Honda launched the all new Honda Eco technology in 2013, making the Most Fuel Efficient 2W in India!
The new Honda Eco Technology boosts fuel efficiency of Honda's products resulting in a Dream Mileage.


This revolutionary mileage benchmark is yet another milestone from Honda.
Forming the crux of the revolutionary Honda Eco Technology is the trio of improved combustion, significantly reduced friction and optimized transmission in Honda engine:

Reduced friction by offset crank, significant weight reduction of reciprocating parts, low tension piston ring and improved bearing oil seal.

Improved combustion with highly ignitable nickel spark plug and optimized inlet port.

By optimizing Pulley converter ratio & driving force, the power has been maintained & mileage has been increased.

TRIPLE SPARK TECHNOLOGY :-


Along with the announcement of the new Pulsar 200NS,came a new technology named Triple Spark technology. Which is being used in the new bike. In simple words, the triple spark technology is nothing but a engine with 3 spark plugs housed in it.

To make use of 3 spark plugs, the pulsar engine houses a pent roof combustion chamber which in turn allows to house 3 spark plugs in the engine chamber. Out of the three plugs, the primary plug is the center one and is mounted in an angle and enters the chamber at the top-center. The other two secondary plugs are mounted below, each opposite each other and one of them being vertically underneath the primary plug.

The secondary plugs fires a bit after the primary one has fired and the timings are controlled by the ECU depending on various parameters like throttle position, engine revs,load on engine and many other stuffs. According to Bajaj, these plugs gain a advantage in low-rev riding condition where it extracts the best economy.Compared to KTM Duke 200 in similar conditions it gives as much as 10-13kmpl more,however the difference vanishes at higher revs and high speed.


MPFI TECHNOLOGY:-


MPFI means – Multi-point Fuel-Injection system.

The term MPFI is used to specify a technology used in Gasoline/petrol Engines. 

For Diesel Engines, there is a similar technology called CRDI.
MPFI System is a system which uses a small computer or microchip, to control the Car’s Engine. 

A Petrol car’s engine usually has three or more cylinders or fuel burning zones. So in case of an MPFI engine, there is one fuel –injector installed near each cylinder, that is why they call it Multi-point (more than one points) Fuel Injection.

MPFI emerged an Intelligent way to do what the Carburetor does. In MPFI system, each cylinder has one injector (which makes it multi-point).

Each of these Injectors are controlled by one central car computer. This computer is a small micro-processor, which keeps telling each Injector about how much petrol and at what time it needs to inject near the cylinder so that only the required amount of petrol goes into the cylinder at the right moment.

HYDROGEN POWERED CAR

HYDROGEN POWERED CAR


A Hydrogen Powered Car is one that uses the gas hydrogen as a fuel source. There are basically two ways in which hydrogen is used:

1. Hydrogen is converted to electricity through the process of hydrolysis, powering electric motors driving the car along.

2. A conventional engine burns combustible hydrogen gas in the place of diesel or petrol. An adapted car engine drives the wheels around propelling the vehicle forwards/backwards, in exactly the same way as a petrol / diesel fuelled car.

THE MAJOR ADVANTAGE OF THIS CAR IS THAT THE EXHAUST OF A HYDROGEN POWERED CAR - WATER IS THE ONLY BY-PRODUCT.

A fuel cell is an essential part of a hydrogen car producing electricity to drive motors. It consists of three parts - the ANODE, CATHODE and CATALYST.

Hydrogen is fed under pressure into the ANODE where it produces electrons and they are conducted through the ANODE and around the external circuit driving the motors. Water is the only by-product and this is produced at the CATHODE.
One fuel cell is not enough to produce meaningful power, so cells are arranged in stacks

The CATALYST is essential as it starts the chemical reactions necessary to ‘free, electrons, creating electricity.


MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 3

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-


1.)LEAF SPRING – A spring made up of a series of flat steel plates of graduated length, assembled one on top of another.

2.)LEVEL CONTROL (automatic) – A suspension system which compensates for variations in load in the rear of the car, positioning the rear at a predesigned level regardless of load.

3.)LIMITED SLIP DIFFERENTIAL – A differential allowing unequal torques to be delivered to the axle shafts.

4.)LINKAGE POWER STEERING – A type of power steering in which the power steering units (power cylinder and valve) are an integral part of the steering linkage.

5.)LORD LEVELING SYSTEM– A system used to level a vehicle that is heavily loaded.


6.)MECHANICAL BRAKES– Brakes operated by mechanical linkage (cables and levers) between the brake pedal and the brakes at the car wheels.

7.)METALLIC BRAKE LINING – A lining having metallic properties used to provide high temperature braking efficiency.

8.)PNEUMATIC TYRES – Tyres that are filled with air to the required pressure.

9.)POWER BOOSTER – A device used to increase the drivers brake pedal force going to the master cylinder, without an accompanying increase in pedal travel.

10.)POWER STEERING – A device that uses hydraulic pressure to multiply the drivers effort as he turns the steering wheel so that less steering effort is required.

11.)SYNCHROMESH – A device in the transmission that synchronizes gears about to be meshed so that there will not be any gear clash. Also called SYCHRONIZER.

12.)TACTILE SENSOR – A sensor that allows the vehicle operator to feel when a certain condition is reached. Disc brake pads are made to vibrate when worn to the point where replacement is necessary and this vibration is felt in the brake pedal.

13.)THROWOUT BEARING – Bearing operated by the clutch linkage used to disengage the clutch.


14.)TIE RODS – In the steering system, the rods that link the pitman arm to the steering knuckle arms.

15.)TILT STEERING WHEEL – A type of steering wheel which can be tilted at various angles, due to a flex joint in the steering shaft.

16.)TRIPLE POINT JOINT – A universal joint using bearings on three axes to maintain a constant plane of drive, making it a constant velocity joint.

17.)TUBED TYRE– Inside the tyre, there is an endless tube fitted with a valve. Air is forced through the valve and is retained inside the tube under pressure. The air acts as the cushioning medium.

18.)TUBELESS TYRE – A tyre that has the air sealed between the rim and tyre and does not use an inner tube.

19.)TWO DISC CLUTCH – A clutch having two friction discs for additional holding power used in heavy duty equipment.

20.)UNIVERSAL JOINT – The part of the drive line assembly that allows for a change in angle of the drive line as the vehicle goes over bumps.

Monday, 22 September 2014

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS:-


1.)GEAR – A wheel with teeth that engage or mesh with teeth of another wheel.

2.)GEAR BOX– A unit which has a series of gears and shafts to vary the speed of the gearbox output shaft compared to the engine speed. This in turn increases the torque and thereby improves acceleration of the vehicle.

3.)GEAR RATIO – The ratio of the number of teeth on two gears to mesh with each other.

4.)HANDLING– The ease of maneuvering a vehicle without slipping or skidding.

5.)HYDRAULIC BRAKE – A brake system using hydraulic fluid, piston and cylinders to provide extremely high pressure for brake application.

6.)HYDRAULIC CLUTCH – A clutch that uses hydraulic pressure to actuate the clutch. Used in heavy duty equipment and where the engine is away from the drivers compartment so that it would be difficult to use mechanical linkages.

7.)HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVES – A system of valves that senses driving conditions and automatically shifts the transmission.

8.)HYPOID GEARS – Drive pinion and ring gears whose shape allows them to mesh off centre.

9.)INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION – A type of suspension system in which each wheel is independently supported by a spring. A suspension that allows up and down movement of one wheel without affecting the opposite wheel.

10.)INNER TUBE (tyre) – The inside rubber tube assembled in the tyre casing, it maintains the air at sufficient pressure to inflate the casing and adequately support the vehicle weight.

11.)FLUID FLY WHEEL– A liquid coupling used to transmit the engine effort (torque) to a clutch and transmission. This coupling is always a major part of the engine flywheel.

12.)FORWARD CONTROL TRUCK– has the engine either in or below the driver’s cabin.

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 1

13.)FORWARD EFFICIENCY – is the ratio of the amount of driver input torque which is available at the wheels to turn the same to the total amount of input torque from the driver at the steering wheel.

14.)FOUR WHEEL DRIVE– Some cross country vehicles (Jeeps) have this arrangement. In this case, the engine power is transmitted to all the four wheels of the vehicle. The main advantage of this arrangement is the entire vehicle weight is available for traction.

15.)FRAME – The assembly of metal structural parts and channel sections that forms the base and supports the engine and body and is supported by the vehicle wheels.

16.)EMERGENCY BRAKE– is the hand brake, operated by a lever, is used when the vehicle is left parked and prevents the vehicle from moving. The hand brake can be applied to stop the vehicle when the service brake fails.

17.)EPICYCLIC GEAR– In the epicyclic gearing, at least one gear not only rotates about its own axis, but also rotates about some other axis.

18.)FADE (brake) – A condition that occurs when there is little braking effect with full brake pedal force.

19.)FINAL DRIVE – The final gear reduction between the engine and the drive wheels.

20.)FIXED CALIPER DISC BRAKES – Disc brakes using a caliper which is fixed in position and cannot move.

Tuesday, 16 September 2014

Technical Words and their Full Form in Automobile


TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR FULL FORM IN AUTOMOBILE

  1. CRDi - (Common Rail Direct Injection)
  2. TDi - (Turbocharged Direct Ignition)
  3. DTS-i - (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)
  4. VTVT - (Variable Timing Valve Train) 
  5. MPFI - (Multi point fuel injection) 
  6. ABS - (Anti Lock Braking) 
  7. SOHC - ( Single OverHead Camshaft) 
  8. DOHC - (Double Overhead Camshaft) 
  9. SUV - (Sport Utility Vehicle) 
  10. MUV - (Multi Utility Vehicle) 
  11. SAE - (Society of Automotive Engineers) 
  12. HCV - (Heavy Commercial Vehicle) 
  13. LCV - (Light Commercial Vehicle) 
  14. CVTi - (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition) 
  15. CCVTI - (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)
  16. EBD - (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)
  17. BHP - ( Brake Horse Power)
  18. BMEP - (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)
  19. BSFC - (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
  20. CC - (Cubic Capacity)
  21. CDI - (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
  22. C.I ENGINE - (Compression Ignition Engine)
  23. CNG - (Compressed Natural Gas)
  24. DFI - (Digital Fuel Injection) 
  25. DI ENGINE - (Direct Injection Engine)
  26. EC ENGINE - (External Combustion Engine)
  27. FHP - (Frictional Horse Power)
  28. GVW - (Gross Vehicle Weight)
  29. HVAC - (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)
  30. IC ENGINE - (Internal Combustion Engine)
  31. IHP - (Indicated Horse Power)
  32. IMEP - (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)
  33. ISFC - (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)
  34. Kph - (Kilometer Per Hour)
  35. Kpl - (Kilometer Per Liter)
  36. OHV - (Over Head Valve)
  37. SFC - (Specific Fuel Consumption)
  38. SI ENGINE - (Spark Ignition Engine)
  39. VDB - (Ventilated Disc Brake)
  40. VVTi - (Variable Valve Timing)
  41. 4WD - (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))
  42. 2WD - (Two Wheel Drive)
  43. TC - (Traction Control)
  44. ESC -(Electronic Stability Control)
  45. FPEG -(Free Piston Engine Generator)

Sunday, 14 September 2014

TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY FREE PISTON COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE


TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY WITHOUT CRANKSHAFT (FREE PISTON) COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE




There is probably no better chronicler into the full depth of American ingenuity than YouTube. Here one finds not just computer models for all manner of esoteric combustion engine designs, but actual working prototypes of them, often built by individuals. Big companies can also innovate here sometimes. A new free piston engine linear generator (FPEG) from Toyota Central in Maine is a case in point. 

The piston is called “free” because there is no crankshaft. On its power stroke, the piston dumps its kinetic energy into the fixed windings which surround it, generating a shot of three-phase AC electricity. It can be run sparkless through a diesel cycle or run on standard gasoline. What has folks excited is the claimed thermal efficiency for the device — at 42% it blows away the engines used in cars today. Toyota’s demo engine, just 8 inches around and 2 feet long, was able to generate 15 hp. A two-cylinder model would be self-balancing and have much reduced vibration.
  
Not surprisingly, the valves are electrically operated and can therefore be better used to fine-tune the power delivery through the full range of the stroke. Speaking of strokes, the video indicates a two-stroke design, which might present a few problems for a road-worthy design. For one thing, emissions would be suspect. Nonetheless Toyota imagines that a twin unit design pumping out 20 kW could power a light electric vehicle at a cruise speed of 120 kph (75 mph).

Toyota's FPEG, in colorLinear generators and linear combustion engines are nothing new. Shake-to-charge “Faraday” flashlights, smartphones, and even energy-harvesting backpacks are all standard fare, while single-acting direct power pistons have also seen action in applications as intriguing as power-assist boots for the Russian military. The trick is to get the two working efficiently in unison and that is the beauty of what Toyota appears has done. Considering that the piston is decelerated and re-accelerated at each end of the stroke, any mismatch between combustive power input and electromagnetic power extraction needs to be absorbed somewhere. Mechanical or air springs can help although there is still likely to be some efficiency loss.

At the risk of adding some confusion, the device is technically an alternator as it generates AC. As (most) electric cars use 3-phase AC induction or “AC-like” 3-phase brushless DC motors, they could potentially run directly from the output of this device, perhaps save for some intermediary voltage and current conditioning. However, like standard car alternators, there will likely be DC conversion to charge the battery pack — unless Toyota has also secretly perfected the AC battery. There is still plenty of room to innovate here. Linear alternators are similar in design to linear motors, but one does not simply reverse the cycle to swap one into the other — there are certain control functions that need to be imposed on how the coils are energized in a motor. However that does not mean a multipurpose linear electric power device could not be constructed.

Friday, 29 August 2014

Monday, 25 August 2014

Sunday, 13 July 2014

ABS - Anti-lock Braking System


It is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding.
It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skilful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage.
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.
There are four main components to an ABS system:
1 Speed sensors
2 Valves
3 Pump
4 Controller
Speed Sensors:
The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide this information.
Valves:
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:
In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.
Pump:
Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up.
Controller:
The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the valves.

Thursday, 31 October 2013

Tuesday, 29 October 2013

Friday, 25 October 2013

Automotive Engines

 Automotive Engines

In this book basic theory of automotive engines, construction, parts, working of two stroke and four stroke engines. SI engine fuel system, ignition system, lubrication and cooling system, carburator, coumbition theory and combution chamber are well explained.