IMPORTANT SUMMITS

IMPORTANT SUMMITS

1.BRICS summit (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South-Africa) :-

•  5th Summit 2013 : (Durban) South Africa
•  6th BRICS Summit 2014: to be held in Fortaleza, Brazil from 15-17 July 2014.
•  Next 7th BRICS Summit to be held in Ufa, Russia

2. BIMSTEC Summit :-

•  3rd BIMSTEC summit 2014: Nay Pyi Taw (Myanmar)
•  4th BIMSTEC summit will be held in Nepal.

3. Nuclear security summit :-

•  2nd Summit 2012 – Seoul, South Korea.
•  3rd Summit 2014 - Hague, Netherland
•  4th Summit 2016 - United States

4.G 8 Summit :-

•  39th Summit 2013: United Kingdom. (Northern Ireland)
•  G-8 Countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Britain and the US.
•  40th G-7 summit 2014 held at Brussels.

5. G 20 Summit :-

•  G-20 meeting (2014) of Finance ministers and central bank governors held in Sydney (Australia).
•  G20 Leaders Summit (2014) will be held in Brisbane, Queensland Australia, in November 2014.

6. SAARC Summit :-

•  3rd SAARC ministerial meet on poverty alleviation 2013 Kathmandu (Nepal)
•  18th SAARC Summit 2014- Kathmandu (proposed)

7. NATO Summit :- 

•  NATO Summit 2014 will be held in Britain. (Britain last hosted the summit in 1990, when Margret Thatcher was Prime Minister).

8. IBSA Summit :-

•  India will host the next summit of IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) in New Delhi in 2015.

OTHER SUMMITS :-

•  18th BASIC Ministerial Meeting held in New Delhi. 
• BASIC - (Brazil, South Africa, India and China)
• Note : 17th Meeting on Climate Change was held in Hanzghou, China
•  ASEAN foreign-minister-meeting held in Myanmar.
•  Fifth Indo-US Strategic Dialogue held in New Delhi during which
• the two sides discussed “transformative initiatives” in key areas of
• security and energy.
•  3rd India-Africa Summit will be held in New Delhi.
•  6th International Nuclear Energy Forum ATOMEXPO-2014 held
• in Moscow.
•  World Economic Forum 2014: held in Abuja (Nigeria). Bharti Enterprises founder and Chairman Sunil Bharti Mittal co– chair this year’s edition of the World Economic Forum on Africa.

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Some Important Full Form

Some Important Full Form

1.) GOOGLE - Global Organization Of Oriented Group Language Of Earth

2.) YAHOO - Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle.

3.) WINDOW - Wide Interactive Network Development for Office work Solution.

4.) COMPUTER - Common Oriented Machine Particularly United and used under Technical and Educational Research.

5.) VIRUS - Vital Information Resources Under Siege.

6.) UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunicati ons System.

7.) AMOLED - Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode.

8.) OLED - Organic light-emitting diode.

9.) IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identity.

10.) ESN - Electronic Serial Number.

11.) UPS - Uninterruptible power supply.

12. HDMI - High-Definition Multimedia Interface.

13.) VPN - Virtual private network.

14.) APN - Access Point Name.

15.) SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.

16.) LED - Light emitting diode.

17.) DLNA - Digital Living Network Alliance.

18.) RAM - Random access memory.

19.) ROM - Read only memory.

20.) VGA - Video Graphics Array.

21.) QVGA - Quarter Video Graphics Array.

22.) WVGA - Wide video graphics array.

23.) WXGA - Widescreen Extended Graphics Array.

24.) USB - Universal serial Bus.

25.) WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network.

26.) PPI - Pixels Per Inch.

27.) LCD - Liquid Crystal Display.

28.) HSDPA - High speed down-link packet access.

29.) HSUPA - High-Speed Uplink Packet Access.

30.) HSPA - High Speed Packet Access.

31.) GPRS - General Packet Radio Service.

32.) EDGE - Enhanced Data Rates for Globa Evolution.

33.) NFC - Near field communication.

34.) OTG - On-the-go.

35.) S-LCD - Super Liquid Crystal Display.

36.) O.S. - Operating system.

37.) SNS - Social network service.

38.) H.S - HOTSPOT.

39.) P.O.I - Point of interest.

40.) GPS - Global Positioning System.

41.) DVD - Digital Video Disk.

42.) DTP - Desk top publishing.

43.) DNSE - Digital natural sound engine.

44.) OVI - Ohio Video Intranet.

45.) CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access.

46.) WCDMA - Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access.

47.) GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications.

48.) WI-FI - Wireless Fidelity.

49.) DIVX - Digital internet video access.

50.) APK - Authenticated public key.

51.) J2ME - Java 2 micro edition.

52.) SIS - Installation source.

53.) DELL - Digital electronic link library.

54.) ACER - Acquisition Collaboration Experimentation Reflection.

55.) RSS - Really simple syndication.

56.) TFT - Thin film transistor.

57.) AMR- Adaptive Multi-Rate.

58.) MPEG - moving pictures experts group.

59.) IVRS - Interactive Voice Response System.

60.) HP - Hewlett Packard.

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List of some major Indian movements of independence

List of some major Indian movements of independence 

• Government of India Act 1858
• Indian National Congress (1885)
• Partition of Bengal (1905)
• Muslim League (1906)
• Swadeshi Movement (1905)
• Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
• Lucknow Pact (1916)
• Home Rule Movement (1915-¬1916)
• The Gandhian Era (1918-1947)
• Khilafat Movement (1920)
• The Rowlatt Act (1919)
• Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)
• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
• Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
• Swaraj Party (1922)
• Simon Commission (1927)
• Dandi March (1930)
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
• The Government of India Act, 1935
• Quit India Movement (1942)
• Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
• Interim Government (1946)
• Formation of Constituent Assembly (1946)
• Mountbatten Plan (1947)
• The Indian Independence Act, 1947
• Partition of India 1947

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NOBEL PRIZE FACTS

NOBEL PRIZE FACTS

On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement”

567 Nobel Prizes: Between 1901 and 2014, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 567 times.

Years when the Nobel Prize Have Not Been Awarded: Since the start, in 1901, there are some years when the Nobel Prizes have not been awarded. The total number of times are 50. Most of them during World War I (1914-1918) and II (1939-1945).

List of Noble Prize Winner Women

Average Age for a Nobel Laureate in all Prize Categories: The ages in the graphs below refers to how old the Nobel Laureates were the year they were awarded the Nobel Prize. The average age when awarded is 59 for the Laureates in all prize categories between 1901 and 2014. The most frequent age bracket is 60-64.

Younger Nobel Prize Winner:

  

Younger According to Category:

Older Nobel Prize Winner:

INDIAN NOBEL PRIZE WINNER

 Older According to Category:

47 Nobel Prizes to Women: Between 1901 and 2014 the Nobel Prize and Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 47 times to women.

Family Nobel Laureates: As you may notice, the Curies were a very successful 'Nobel Prize family'. Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes.

The husband-and-wife partnership of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Marie Curie herself was awarded the Nobel Prize a second time, receiving the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Marie and Pierre Curie's eldest daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. The younger daughter, Ève Curie, worked for the UNICEF and was married to Henry R. Labouisse. He accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of UNICEF in 1965.

SUBJECT WISE NOBEL PRIZE FACTS

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineFacts on the Prize in Economic SciencesFacts on the Nobel Prize in ChemistryFacts on the Nobel Prize in LiteratureFacts on the Nobel Prize in PhysicsFacts on the Nobel Peace Prize

Forced to Decline the Nobel Prize: Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates, Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk, from accepting the Nobel Prize. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize Diploma and Medal, but not the prize amount.

Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the Nobel Prize but was later coerced by the authorities of the Soviet Union, his native country, to decline the Nobel Prize.

Two Nobel Laureates have Declined the Nobel Prize: Jean-Paul Sartre, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours.

Le Duc Tho, awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. They were awarded the Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Doc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason.

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Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences

Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences

In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established this Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Here are some facts and figures regarding The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, awarded from 1969 to 2014.

Number of Prizes in Economic Sciences:

46 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been awarded every year since 1969.

23 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been given to one Laureate only.

17 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared by two Laureates.

6 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared between three Laureates.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Number of Laureates* in Economic Sciences: 75 individuals have been awarded 1969-2014.

Average Age: The average age of all Laureates in Economic Sciences between 1969 and 2014 is 67 years.

Youngest Laureate in Economic Sciences: To date, the youngest Laureate in Economic Sciences is Kenneth J. Arrow, who was 51 years old when he was awarded in 1972.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics

Oldest Laureate in Economic Sciences: The oldest Laureate in Economic Sciences to date is Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 years old when he was awarded in 2007. He is also the oldest Laureate to be awarded in all Prize categories.

Female Laureates in Economic Sciences: Elinor Ostrom was the first female Laureate in Economic Sciences. Elinor Ostrom was awarded the Prize in 2009.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature

Multiple Laureates in Economic Sciences: So far there are no multiple Laureates in Economic Sciences.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Family Laureates in Economic Sciences:

Brothers: Jan Tinbergen (Economic Sciences in 1969) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Physiology or Medicine in 1973)

Married couple: Gunnar Myrdal (Economic Sciences in 1974) and Alva Myrdal (Nobel Peace Prize in 1982)

Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize

All Prizes in Economic Sciences: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded 46 times to 75 Laureates between 1969 and 2014. Click on the links to get more information.

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-ciences/laureates/

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Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to 2014.

Number of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine: 105 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on nine occasions: in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941 and 1942.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics

Number of Shared and Unshared Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine:

38 Medicine Prizes have been given to one Laureate only.

32 Medicine Prizes have been shared by two Laureates.

35 Medicine Prizes have been shared between three Laureates.

Number of Nobel Laureates* in Physiology or Medicine: 207 individuals have been awarded 1901-2014.

Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences

Average Age: The average age of all Medicine Laureates between 1901 and 2014 is 58 years.

Youngest Medicine Laureate: To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine is Frederick G. Banting, who was 32 years old when he was awarded the Medicine Prize in 1923.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature

Oldest Medicine Laureate: The oldest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine to date is Peyton Rous, who was 87 years old when he was awarded the Medicine Prize in 1966.

Female Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine: Of the 207 individuals awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, only 11 are women. Of these 11, Barabara McClintock is the only one who has received an unshared Nobel Prize.

1947 - Gerty Cori

1977 - Rosalyn Yalow

1983 - Barbara McClintock

1986 - Rita Levi-Montalcini

1988 - Gertrude B. Elion

1995 - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

2004 - Linda B. Buck

2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn and Carol W. Greider

2014 - May-Britt Moser

List of Noble Prize Winner Women

Multiple Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine: No one has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine more than once. Yet

Family Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine:

Married couple:

1.     Gerty Cori and Carl Cori, both awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

2.     May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser, both awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Father & son:

1.     Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Chemistry Prize) and Ulf von Euler (Medicine Prize)

2.     Arthur Kornberg (Medicine Prize) and Roger D. Kornberg (Chemistry Prize)

Brothers: Jan Tinbergen (Economics Prize) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Medicine Prize)

Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize

Nominations for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901-1953): In the nomination database, you can find interesting nomination trivia, for example, that the Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was nominated 32 times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but never awarded. In 1929, the Nobel Committee for Medicine engaged an expert who concluded that a further investigation in Freud was not necessary, since Freud's work was of no proven scientific value. Freud was also nominated once for the 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature by Nobel Laureate Romain Rolland, an acquaintance of Freud.

 Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod were awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the first year they were nominated (with three nominations) for their discovery of insulin. By contrast, Robert Koch was nominated 55 times over 4 years before he received the Prize in 1905 for his discoveries concerning tuberculosis, while Ferdinand Sauerbruch, the great German surgeon, never got the prize despite 54 nominations during 14 years. This type of information, and much more, is available in the Nomination Database spanning the years 1901-1951. The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901-1951 (http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/medicine/database.html)

All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 105 times to 207 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2014. Click on the links to get more information. 

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/

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Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics

On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1901 to 2014.

Number of Nobel Prizes in Physics: 108 Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on six occasions: in 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, and 1942.

Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences

Number of Shared and Unshared Nobel Prizes in Physics:

47 Physics Prizes have been given to one Laureate only.

31 Physics Prizes have been shared by two Laureates.

30 Physics Prizes have been shared between three Laureates.

Number of Nobel Laureates* in Physics: The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 199 Laureates 1901-2014. As John Bardeen has been awarded twice there are 198 individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics since 1901.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Average Age: The average age of all Physics Laureates between 1901 and 2014 is 55 years.

Youngest Physics Laureate: To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physics is Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 years old when he was awarded the Nobel Prize together with his father in 1915. Bragg is not only the youngest Physics Laureate, he is also the youngest Nobel Laureate in any Nobel Prize category.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature

Oldest Physics Laureate: The oldest Nobel Laureate in Physics to date is Raymond Davis Jr., who was 88 years old when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2002.

Female Nobel Laureates in Physics: Of the 198 individuals awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, only two are women.

1903 - Marie Curie (also awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.)

1963 - Maria Goeppert-Mayer

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Multiple Nobel Laureates in Physics: John Bardeen is the only

person who has received the Nobel Prize in Physics twice. Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize twice, once in Physics and once in Chemistry.

Family Nobel Laureates in Physics:

Married couples:

Marie Curie and Pierre Curie were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize a second time in 1911, this time receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

(One of Marie and Pierre Curie's daughters, Irène Joliot-Curie , was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 together with her husband Frédéric Joliot.)

Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize

Father & son:

(All awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.)

William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg, 1915

Niels Bohr, 1922 and Aage N. Bohr, 1975

Manne Siegbahn, 1924 and Kai M. Siegbahn, 1981

J. J. Thomson, 1906 and George Paget Thomson, 1937

 All Nobel prizes in Physics: The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 108 times to 199 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2014. John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 198 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Click on the links to get more information.

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/

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Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature

On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Literature from 1901 to 2014

Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences

Number of Nobel Prizes in Literature: 107 Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on seven occasions: in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943.

Number of Shared Nobel Prizes in Literature: The Nobel Prize in Literature has been shared between two individuals on four occasions only. Sharing the Nobel Prize is a more common phenomenon within the other Nobel Prize categories.

1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray

1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan

1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs

1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Number of Nobel Laureates* in Literature:  111 individuals have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901-2014.

Average Age: The average age of all Literature Laureates between 1901 and 2014 is 65 years.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics

Youngest Literature Laureate: To date, the youngest Literature Laureate is Rudyard Kipling, best known for The Jungle Book, who was 42 years old when he was awarded the Literature Prize in 1907.

Oldest Literature Laureate: The oldest Nobel Laureate in Literature to date is Doris Lessing, who was 88 years old when she was awarded the Prize in 2007.

Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Female Nobel Laureates in Literature: 13 women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was the first woman to be awarded in 1909. Selma Lagerlöf was awarded five years before she was elected to the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Prize awarding institution responsible for selecting Nobel Laureates in Literature.

1909 - Selma Lagerlöf

1926 - Grazia Deledda

1928 - Sigrid Undset

1938 - Pearl Buck

1945 - Gabriela Mistral

1966 - Nelly Sachs

1991 - Nadine Gordimer

1993 - Toni Morrison

1996 - Wislawa Szymborska

2004 - Elfriede Jelinek

2007 - Doris Lessing

2009 - Herta Müller

2013 - Alice Munro

List of Noble Prize Winner Women

Two People have Declined the Nobel Prize in Literature: Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature, "Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country (Soviet Union) to decline the Prize".

Jean Paul Sartre, the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours.

Multiple Nobel Laureates in Literature: No one has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature more than once.

Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize

Number of Nobel Laureates in Literature Sorted in Languages:

Rabindranath Tagore (Nobel Prize in Literature 1913) wrote in Bengali and English, Samuel Beckett (Nobel Prize in Literature 1969) wrote in French and English and Joseph Brodsky (Nobel Prize in Literature 1987) wrote poetry in Russian and prose in English. These three Nobel Laureates have been sorted under Bengali, French and Russian, respectively.

All Nobel Prizes in Literature: The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 107 times to 111 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2014. Click on the links to get more information.

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/

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