| Emperor | Birth | Reign Period | Death | Notes |
|---|
| Babur | Feb 23, 1483 | 1526–1530 | Dec 26, 1530 | Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother and was related toTimur through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) and the Battle of Khanwa. |
| Humayun | Mar 6, 1508 | 1530–1540 | Jan 1556 | Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri. |
| Sher Shah Suri | 1472 | 1540–1545 | May 1545 | Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty. |
| Islam Shah Suri | c.1500 | 1545–1554 | 1554 | 2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration. |
| Humayun | Mar 6, 1508 | 1555–1556 | Jan 1556 | Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 1530–1540; left unified empire for his son, Akbar. |
| Akbar | Nov 14, 1542 | 1556–1605 | Oct 27, 1605 | He and Bairam Khan defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels was theLahore Fort. |
| Jahangir | Oct 1569 | 1605–1627 | 1627 | Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wife Empress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled in his place. |
| Shah Jahan | Jan 5, 1592 | 1627–1658 | 1666 | Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens inLahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb. |
| Aurangzeb | Oct 21, 1618 | 1658–1707 | Mar 3, 1707 | He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured thediamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled byMansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his own styles of calligraphy. he died during a campaign against the ravaging Marathas in the Deccan. |
| Bahadur Shah I | Oct 14, 1643 | 1707–1712 | Feb 1712 | First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors. |
| Jahandar Shah | 1664 | 1712–1713 | Feb 1713 | Was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead; |
| Furrukhsiyar | 1683 | 1713–1719 | 1719 | His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Companygranting them duty-free trading rights for Bengal, the Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan. |
| Rafi Ul-Darjat | Unknown | 1719 | 1719 | |
| Rafi Ud-Daulat | Unknown | 1719 | 1719 | |
| Nikusiyar | Unknown | 1719 | 1743 | |
| Muhammad Ibrahim | Unknown | 1720 | 1744 | |
| Muhammad Shah | 1702 | 1719–1720, 1720–1748 | 1748 | Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Countered the emergence of the renegade Marathasand lost large tracts of Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion ofNadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.[38] |
| Ahmad Shah Bahadur | 1725 | 1748–54 | 1775 | |
| Alamgir II | 1699 | 1754–1759 | 1759 | The Mughal Empire had impulsively began to re-centralize after subjects anxiously sought his gratification, he was murdered according to the conspiracy of the unscrupulous Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and his schismatic Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau (Peshwa); |
| Shah Jahan III | Unknown | In 1759 | 1772 | Was ordained to the imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau (Peshwa) who went on to loot the Mughal heartlands, he was generally regarded as an usurper and was overthrown after the Third Battle of Panipat by Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht. |
| Shah Alam II | 1728 | 1759–1806 | 1806 | Was nominated as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat. Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal, Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar.Post the defeat in the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad. Treaty of Allahabad(1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 byMahadaji Shinde under the protection of the Marathas.[39] He was the last Mughal Emperor to have de jure control over the empire. |
| Akbar Shah II | 1760 | 1806–1837 | 1837 | He designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, Although he was under British protection his imperial name was removed from the official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company; |
| Bahadur Shah II | 1775 | 1837–1857 | 1862 | The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty. |
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