Technical Words and their Full Form in Automobile

TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR FULL FORM IN AUTOMOBILE

1. CRDi - (Common Rail Direct Injection)
2. TDi - (Turbocharged Direct Ignition)
3. DTS-i - (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)
4. VTVT - (Variable Timing Valve Train) 
5. MPFI - (Multi point fuel injection) 
6. ABS - (Anti Lock Braking) 
7. SOHC - ( Single OverHead Camshaft) 
8. DOHC - (Double Overhead Camshaft) 
9. SUV - (Sport Utility Vehicle) 
10. MUV - (Multi Utility Vehicle) 
11. SAE - (Society of Automotive Engineers) 
12. HCV - (Heavy Commercial Vehicle) 
13. LCV - (Light Commercial Vehicle) 
14. CVTi - (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition) 
15. CCVTI - (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)
16. EBD - (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)
17. BHP - ( Brake Horse Power)
18. BMEP - (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)
19. BSFC - (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
20. CC - (Cubic Capacity)
21. CDI - (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
22. C.I ENGINE - (Compression Ignition Engine)
23. CNG - (Compressed Natural Gas)
24. DFI - (Digital Fuel Injection) 
25. DI ENGINE - (Direct Injection Engine)
26. EC ENGINE - (External Combustion Engine)
27. FHP - (Frictional Horse Power)
28. GVW - (Gross Vehicle Weight)
29. HVAC - (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)
30. IC ENGINE - (Internal Combustion Engine)
31. IHP - (Indicated Horse Power)
32. IMEP - (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)
33. ISFC - (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)
34. Kph - (Kilometer Per Hour)
35. Kpl - (Kilometer Per Liter)
36. OHV - (Over Head Valve)
37. SFC - (Specific Fuel Consumption)
38. SI ENGINE - (Spark Ignition Engine)
39. VDB - (Ventilated Disc Brake)
40. VVTi - (Variable Valve Timing)
41. 4WD - (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))
42. 2WD - (Two Wheel Drive)
43. TC - (Traction Control)
44. ESC -(Electronic Stability Control)
45. FPEG -(Free Piston Engine Generator)

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LIST OF ALL MUGHAL EMPERORS IN INDIAN HISTORY

LIST OF ALL MUGHAL EMPERORS IN INDIAN HISTORY :-

Emperor	Birth	Reign Period	Death	Notes
Babur	Feb 23, 1483	1526–1530	Dec 26, 1530	Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother and was related toTimur through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) and the Battle of Khanwa.
Humayun	Mar 6, 1508	1530–1540	Jan 1556	Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.
Sher Shah Suri	1472	1540–1545	May 1545	Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.
Islam Shah Suri	c.1500	1545–1554	1554	2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration.
Humayun	Mar 6, 1508	1555–1556	Jan 1556	Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 1530–1540; left unified empire for his son, Akbar.
Akbar	Nov 14, 1542	1556–1605	Oct 27, 1605	He and Bairam Khan defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels was theLahore Fort.
Jahangir	Oct 1569	1605–1627	1627	Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wife Empress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled in his place.
Shah Jahan	Jan 5, 1592	1627–1658	1666	Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens inLahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb	Oct 21, 1618	1658–1707	Mar 3, 1707	He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured thediamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled byMansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his own styles of calligraphy. he died during a campaign against the ravaging Marathas in the Deccan.
Bahadur Shah I	Oct 14, 1643	1707–1712	Feb 1712	First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors.
Jahandar Shah	1664	1712–1713	Feb 1713	Was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead;
Furrukhsiyar	1683	1713–1719	1719	His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Companygranting them duty-free trading rights for Bengal, the Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan.
Rafi Ul-Darjat	Unknown	1719	1719
Rafi Ud-Daulat	Unknown	1719	1719
Nikusiyar	Unknown	1719	1743
Muhammad Ibrahim	Unknown	1720	1744
Muhammad Shah	1702	1719–1720, 1720–1748	1748	Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Countered the emergence of the renegade Marathasand lost large tracts of Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion ofNadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.[38]
Ahmad Shah Bahadur	1725	1748–54	1775
Alamgir II	1699	1754–1759	1759	The Mughal Empire had impulsively began to re-centralize after subjects anxiously sought his gratification, he was murdered according to the conspiracy of the unscrupulous Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and his schismatic Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau (Peshwa);
Shah Jahan III	Unknown	In 1759	1772	Was ordained to the imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau (Peshwa) who went on to loot the Mughal heartlands, he was generally regarded as an usurper and was overthrown after the Third Battle of Panipat by Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht.
Shah Alam II	1728	1759–1806	1806	Was nominated as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat. Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal, Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar.Post the defeat in the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad. Treaty of Allahabad(1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 byMahadaji Shinde under the protection of the Marathas.[39] He was the last Mughal Emperor to have de jure control over the empire.
Akbar Shah II	1760	1806–1837	1837	He designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, Although he was under British protection his imperial name was removed from the official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company;
Bahadur Shah II	1775	1837–1857	1862	The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty.

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TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY FREE PISTON COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE

TOYOTA DEVELOPS HIGH EFFICIENCY WITHOUT CRANKSHAFT (FREE PISTON) COMBUSTION ENGINE TO POWER ELECTRIC VEHICLE

There is probably no better chronicler into the full depth of American ingenuity than YouTube. Here one finds not just computer models for all manner of esoteric combustion engine designs, but actual working prototypes of them, often built by individuals. Big companies can also innovate here sometimes. A new free piston engine linear generator (FPEG) from Toyota Central in Maine is a case in point. 

The piston is called “free” because there is no crankshaft. On its power stroke, the piston dumps its kinetic energy into the fixed windings which surround it, generating a shot of three-phase AC electricity. It can be run sparkless through a diesel cycle or run on standard gasoline. What has folks excited is the claimed thermal efficiency for the device — at 42% it blows away the engines used in cars today. Toyota’s demo engine, just 8 inches around and 2 feet long, was able to generate 15 hp. A two-cylinder model would be self-balancing and have much reduced vibration.

  

Not surprisingly, the valves are electrically operated and can therefore be better used to fine-tune the power delivery through the full range of the stroke. Speaking of strokes, the video indicates a two-stroke design, which might present a few problems for a road-worthy design. For one thing, emissions would be suspect. Nonetheless Toyota imagines that a twin unit design pumping out 20 kW could power a light electric vehicle at a cruise speed of 120 kph (75 mph).

Toyota's FPEG, in colorLinear generators and linear combustion engines are nothing new. Shake-to-charge “Faraday” flashlights, smartphones, and even energy-harvesting backpacks are all standard fare, while single-acting direct power pistons have also seen action in applications as intriguing as power-assist boots for the Russian military. The trick is to get the two working efficiently in unison and that is the beauty of what Toyota appears has done. Considering that the piston is decelerated and re-accelerated at each end of the stroke, any mismatch between combustive power input and electromagnetic power extraction needs to be absorbed somewhere. Mechanical or air springs can help although there is still likely to be some efficiency loss.

At the risk of adding some confusion, the device is technically an alternator as it generates AC. As (most) electric cars use 3-phase AC induction or “AC-like” 3-phase brushless DC motors, they could potentially run directly from the output of this device, perhaps save for some intermediary voltage and current conditioning. However, like standard car alternators, there will likely be DC conversion to charge the battery pack — unless Toyota has also secretly perfected the AC battery. There is still plenty of room to innovate here. Linear alternators are similar in design to linear motors, but one does not simply reverse the cycle to swap one into the other — there are certain control functions that need to be imposed on how the coils are energized in a motor. However that does not mean a multipurpose linear electric power device could not be constructed.

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Working of Six Speed Manual Transmission Operation

In this video show you how the Six Speed Manual Transmission Operation works 

Working of Manual Transmission Operation 

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List of Heads of Important Indian Organizations ~ STUDENT POINT

List of Heads of Important Indian Organizations ~ STUDENT POINT

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